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****************** Recommended Reading: Manufacturing Engineering and Technology Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers ******************
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Material removal described so far is known as orthogonal, producing only two cutting forces; when turning these are axial and tangential (Fig 1.2.1.). Fig 1.2.1.
Click the image for full size picture Tangential cutting force is by far the greater (if translated to the planer this is the force acting on the tool in the direction of the workpiece travel). Axial cutting force is the force required to keep the cutting edge in contact with the workpiece (perpendicular to the surface of the workpiece on the planer). Fig 1.2.2.
Click the image for full size picture Oblique cutting introduces a third cutting force, radial. Fig 1.2.2. shows a typical turning tool with nomenclature. It can be seen from the plan view that the cutting edge will not now be perpendicular to the axis of rotation as it is on Fig 1.1.6.. Fig 1.2.3. illustrates radial cutting force. Fig 1.2.3.
Click the image for full size picture Tangential cutting force resists the rotation of the work, as relatively high speeds are used the bulk of power consumption lies here. Axial cutting force resists the travel of the tool, however this is a relatively low speed compared with rotation of the work, so for all practical purposes power consumption may be ignored. Radial cutting force produces no movement therefore consumes no power, however, the effect can improve stability during cutting as it ensures the cross slide nut and screw are kept in contact, thus improving accuracy. The plan approach angle ii) in Fig 1.2.2. is likely to be found on a facing and turning tool, if heavy longitudinal cuts are to be taken with this configuration of tool a backlash eliminator (see sec. 5.3.) would be required because the direction of radial cutting force would be reversed and the tool would tend to be pulled into the work producing a tapered turn.
Suggested Reading: Manufacturing Engineering and Technology Kalpakjian, Schmid and Schmidt. Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers
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