Home page of Tools and Machines, a brief description of me, the site and my reasons for creating it.

A representation of a planer machine removing metal by the chip formation process.

Showing the chip forming and separating from the parent metal along the shear plane.

Why rake angle is important.

Why a rigid machine, tool and tool holder is essential when machining brittle materials.

Including radial, tangential and axial force when turning and effects on power consumption

How the chip formation process is applied to milling a surface

How the milling process can produce different effects when the feed direction relative to the cutter rotation changes. Advantages and disadvantages.

Types of milling cutter described - including End Mills, Slot Drills, Slab Mills, Shell Mills, Slitting Saws and Face Mills.

Tool materials - high speed steel, cobalt alloy, carbon steel, ceramic, carbides, cubic boron nitride and diamond explained.

Insert tool or throw away tip tools explained and described.

Titanium nitride / carbide and Aluminium Oxide tool coatings explained.

How cutting fluids help in the metal cutting process, how the five main categories of oils are suitable for cooling, lubricating and flushing in different cutting conditions and pressures.

Lathes - including multi and single spindle automatic and sliding head. Cross slide, headstock and turret explained and turning from bar when automatic machining.

How a Sliding Headstock or Swiss Type Automatic can produce very long, thin parts.

Milling machines - showing layout of table to spindle axis and the axes of adjustment.

Shearing operations using a press tool including piercing, blanking and cropping and reducing burrs.

Modern machine construction concepts ie slant bed, swarf conveyor, vibration damping helps higher production rates, machine utilisation and reduced variation in geometric tolerances.

How backlash is reduced and accuracy improved by using a ballscrew not a leadscrew when table movement changes direction.

Control and feedback in modern cnc machines. How servo and stepper motors with linear or rotary encoders and optical gratings provide closed loop control for very accurate machine control.

How to calculate turning feed and speed. Surface speed to spindle rev per min and worked example.

How to calculate milling feed and speed. Surface speed to spindle rev per min, table feed per rev, tooth loading and feed per min and worked example

A worked example of how Taylor's Equation can calculate percentage change in tool life at different speeds.

ISO Carbide Grades in table form from hard to tough.

ISO Insert Coding

Brief explanation of the laser and water jet machining processes and a comparison between them.

A place where you may leave your comments or constructive criticism

Internet Connection Sharing and mapping a port through it. Instructions for port forwarding are found aplenty for hardware routers, but not for ICS. I hope this might be of use.